Foreign Direct Investment And Developing Countries

Foreign direct investment plays a critical role in financing the development of emerging economies. Foreign direct investment benefits countries through a transfer of resources in the form of capital, technology, management of resources, creation of work opportunities, and a positive impact on the country’s balance sheet, typically through an increase in export volumes. These benefits are essential for sustainable growth and development of a country, especially for developing countries. Despite the important role that foreign direct investment plays in helping to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, many developing countries face challenges in accessing this source. Many countries that do have access to foreign direct investment are only given access in specific areas of business or of the country. Other countries, often those that needs it most, are overlooked by investors, missing out on this source of finance entirely. In Indonesia, eighty percent of foreign direct investment are confined to Java where the country’s capital is. Geographically focused approach of foreign direct investment prevents investors from capturing the full opportunity offered by developing countries. Resources need to be allocated to match the shifting distribution of each country’s growth. Understanding the priorities of central and local governments as well as determining how or where these align with business priorities is a tremendous challenge. The President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo,Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Foreign Direct Investments On Developing Countries1667 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a general consensus that federal direct investments are thought to bring a considerate amount of economic well-being for developing countries. It is intriguing to observe the true effects of Federal direct investments on developing countries. While FDI has become an outcome of a more globalized world, some countries do not see the same benefits of this phenomenon as other countries. One country that has seen a heavy influx of foreign direct investment is India. This paper briefly addressesRead MoreIs Foreign Direct Investment always Beneficial to Developing Countries?565 Words   |  2 Pagesfor developing countries? The impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on development is a much-debated topic. Over decades, many international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the IMF, have increasingly promoted FDI. However, on the other hand, many NGOs, labor unions and civil society groups have emphasized the negative effects of FDI. Thus, to answer this question, we should always consider both of the pros and cons of FDI. In principal, foreign direct investment is usuallyRead MoreCorporate Strategy and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries Such as India2715 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction to Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI), in its simplest term, is when a company from one country makes an investment into building a facility in another country, or when investments are made in order to acquire a certain stake in enterprises operating outside the economy and country of the investor. FDI plays an extraordinary role for firms wanting to operate and compete in a global business. It can provide a firm with new markets to penetrate, cheaper productionRead MoreForeign Direct Investment 1561 Words   |  7 PagesFor growing economies, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has momentous advantages over equity and debt capital flows. Most of the foreign firms that start their conduct of business in other countries, they not only come with capital but transfer modern technology, promote human capital by training the host country’s employees according to the change of technology to those countries, and this is the key for the development of the host country. According to author Direct Investment replicates aspire ofRead MoreForeign Direct Investment: Evolutions and Trends in Developing Nations1096 Words   |  5 Pageseconomy has evolved over the past few decades in an extreme fashion, regarding investment in particular and the way globalized enterprises are now investing in the developing world to increase their production, assets, and interconnected market networks (Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, Finance and Development/March 1999). As a result of the changing trends of Foreign Direct Investment, developing countries have either benefited from them or stood behind others without any progressRead MoreEffects Of Foreign Direct Investment On Economic Growth1211 Words   |  5 PagesSchmeiser International Trade 17th October, 2015 Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Ghana Abstract It has been widely believed that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) assists developing countries with the much-needed capital for economic growth. Part of the foreign direct investment is the inflow of up to date technology and management skills. In this paper, I will investigate to what extent foreign direct investment inflows into Ghana affects the nation s Economic Growth andRead MoreRelationship between Stock Price and FDI Essay example1517 Words   |  7 Pagesand Social Statistics, Foreign direct investment defined as cross-border investment by other investors from the economy that had the objective to gain long term interest or benefit from other countries that need capital for development. FDI have divided into 3 categorty such as Horizontal FDI, plaform FDI and vertical FDI. Kimberly state that Foreign direct investment is global economic growth which are apply in all countries such as developing and emerging market countries. The main purpose of FDIRead MoreFree Trade Agree ments And Its Effects On Latin American Nations1187 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican countries are geographically and economically similar to the U.S., which makes them valuable partners in furthering America’s global initiatives. The United States has seen considerable economic returns since the advent of these free-trade agreements; however, there is a sense of uncertainty when the analysts examine the effects of FTAs on Latin American nations. The most apparent benefit for nations that choose to enter into Free-trade Agreements with the United States is investment. For LatinRead MoreResearch On The Determinants Of Economic Growth Is A Common1438 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic growth is an excellent indicator of well-being and the policy-makers want to know what fact2ors can affect this well-being. Previous literature has identified many factors which contribute to the well-being of a country and among these factors; Foreign Direct Investment is persistently seen. Economists have limited tools to measure well-being; reliance on GDP, GDP per capita, GDP growth rate, Human Development Index (HDI) and other such macroeconomic indicators are often used to measureRead MoreForeign Direct Investment Essay621 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Foreign Direct Investment Definition: An investment made by a company or entity based in one country, into a company or entity based in another country. Foreign direct investment has many forms. Broadly, foreign direct investment includes mergers and acquisitions, building new facilities, reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations and intra-company loans. Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment: 1- Develop Country: One of the primary benefits of foreign direct investment is that

The Theology of Illness - 651 Words

The spiritual significance of illness and suffering is a topic Christians continue to grapple with, as Larchet points out in The Theology of Illness. Scripture offers a wealth of wisdom and cues for understanding illness, health, and healing from a Christian perspective. Larchet analyzes the various and often contradictory Christian positions on health and illness, revealing how attitudes have shifted over time and with changes in medical technology, practice, and ethics. For example, St. Barsanuphius presents a comprehensive analysis of the spiritual significance of illness and suffering. One view holds that illness signifies a lack of faith; another presents illness in terms of a person who is offered the opportunity to develop a stronger faith, or whose faith is being put to a test like the story of Job. Ultimately, the latter remains the most helpful way to approach illness and healing from a Christian perspective. The essence of Christian health care is that, Healing itself, whi le resulting from natural processes, actually comes from God, (Larchet 116). There are several theoretical pitfalls a Christian may encounter when grappling with his or her illness or that of a loved one. For example, it may be tempting to place ones faith in modern medicine and forget that God provides the power with which to access, use, and succeed with modern medicine. This point of view is understandable given the secular nature of the modern medical system. Yet only God is responsibleShow MoreRelatedChristian Theory of Counseling Essays1211 Words   |  5 Pagesdisciplines of theology, psychology, and Scripture. In providing a holistic approach in to counseling individuals, it is prudent to survey one’s mind, body, soul, temporal systems, and super natural systems, in which all influence the person. A more complete plan of care may be offered when the contributions from both psychology and theology are offered. â€Å"The best interdisciplinary integration work usually comes from those who have formal or informal preparation in both psy chology and theology† (McMinnRead MoreCase Study1076 Words   |  5 Pagestreatment of persons with mental illness was their concern. I know my church’s reaction to John’s death is not normative of all churches, nor do I mean to indict all Christians for the response my local Christian community gave at that time. However, both Mental Health: the Inclusive Church Resource by Swinton and Vanier and Nancy Eiesland’s The Disabled God give examples of how Christian community can damage those who seem â€Å"different†, either due to mental illness or various disabilities. Both piecesRead MoreIntegrative Approaches Of Psychology And Christianity1331 Words   |  6 PagesGod’s presence everywhere they look and everything they do. Some may see it in a psychological way, always looking for the explanation of why something is the way it is. Together, theology and psychology can bring a different view and perspective that they never would have saw by themselves. Many people find that theology and psychology can draw from each other and be very beneficial. Neither view is wrong. They both just want to know the truth. Just like in the past few centuries, churches did notRead MoreThe Anxiety Cure Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesneed the power of God working in our lives. Health versus Illness Health consists of living a life of tranquility with the brain producing â€Å"happy messages†. Having the life that God intended us to live of being calm, serene, at peace, and happy. Anxiety takes away these messages and tranquility causing illness in one’s life â€Å"Stress depletes our natural brain tranquilizers† (Hart, 1999, p.5) resulting in panic which can be an acute illness called a â€Å"panic attack† or a chronic aliment known as â€Å"panicRead MoreHealthcare Faith and Healing1490 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Sikh, Shinto and Buddhist faiths, proceeds from a Christian healthcare perspective. To initiate the discussion, it is appropriate to first consider some of the Christian care-giving values that drive this perspective. Christian ethicality and theology are important forces in healing, especially through its invocation of spiritual hope. Hope is a sentiment which has commanded recognition as bearing a place of importance in human affairs throughout recorded history. This creates a documented associationRead MoreThe Bible And Worship Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagestheological education. Some churches end as a cult or never progresses in its teachings. Some pastors fell, quit, or stagnate; or worse became abusive, lonely, bitter, or disillusioned. These are significant for I saw the need to write our history and theology; and to educate pastors and leaders in addressing the needs of the church without them falling into a messiah complex. I dream of starting a Bible school, but also move beyond that—of establishing a top university where graduates become contribut ingRead MoreThe Transmission Of Aids With Homosexuality863 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically, as a result of our fathers not wanting to be regarded as sanctioning behaviours at odd with the church’s theology, the church has always taken a conservative stance on sexual ethics. That said, ministers, till this very day, still link the transmissions of AIDS with homosexuality, a schismatic theological issue for all denominations, since it is much easier to deny the problem of diseased bodies and avoid talk of sex and sexually transmitted diseases. This will not be that kind of sermonRead MoreMarxism and Health Care1239 Words   |  5 Pagesand help to highlight the social determinants of health. The application of theoretical perspective being employed in regards to health can be further explored through the analysis of fundamental Marxist ideologies. The fundamental basis of Marxist theology has strong links to health as it is concerned with the distinction between the upper c lass and the lower class. In particular Marxism explores the working classes inability to exercise adequate control over the determinants of health. Through extensiveRead MoreSaint Thomas Aquinas Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesand a patron of catholic universities. Many religious orders study and follow the teachings and followings of Saint Thomas Aquinas. In this paper I have uncovered the true life of Saint Thomas Aquinas and his methods of Theology. He strongly emphasized his belief of theology through revolation. By looking further into his teachings, I have become more familiar and feel closer to my own personal faith. Saint Thomas Aquinas is one of the most famous saints of the Catholic Church. He is calledRead MorePsychology, Theology, And Spirituality Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pages Mark R. McMinn’s (2011) Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling establish a way to bring Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality to Christian Counselors. He introduces a replica of how to integrate the three disciplines in the counseling office. The purpose of the book is to instruct counselors how to integrate categories of Psychology, Theology and Spirituality into Christian Counseling. McMinn (2011) contends that many challenges both professional and personal face Christian

Talbos Ng Kamote Tea Recipe and It’s Advantages Free Essays

This is how to make it: 1. Wash the camote tops (talbos ng camote) with water and vegetable and fruit liquid cleanser like that of Pigeon’s cleanser for baby bottles and toys. (It’s made of 100% food grade or edible ingredients and removes pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables. We will write a custom essay sample on Talbos Ng Kamote Tea Recipe and It’s Advantages or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) 2. Boil water in a pot. 3. Once the water is boiling, put the camote tops (leaves only) and let them boil for at least 5 minutes. 4. Steep some more for 5 minutes. 5. Remove the leaves (or talbos) using a strainer and set aside. You can make these leaves into a salad. It’s delicious too! 6. Pour on glasses (or cups if you want hot tea). 7. Squeeze 1-2 calamansi to get the juice and mix into the tea. You can add some more if you want it to have a stronger calamansi flavor. 8. Add a teaspoon (or more if you have a sweet tooth) of honey and mix. 9. Add some ice cubes for a refreshing and nutritious iced tea! Now, while you’re enjoying your glass/cup of camote tops tea, let share some of its medicinal qualities. It’s a remedy for constipation or aids in regular bowel movement. It’s a remedy for stomach distress like those cause by indigestion. It helps maintain thyroid hormones that prevents the thyroid from getting big. It helps lower blood sugar and cholesterol of patients with type 2 diabetes. According to Wiki. answers. com: Sweet potato tops are excellent sources of antioxidative compounds, mainly polyphenolics, which may protect the human body from oxidative stress that is associated with many diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Sweet potato greens have the highest content of total polyphenolics among other commercial vegetables studied. Sweet potatoes contain protein, dietary fiber, lipid, and essential minerals and nutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, aluminum and boron. Sweet potatoes are also important sources of vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid. In recent years, it has been reported as well that this tea can help Dengue patients recover. Read more about this on an article here. Below is the nutritional value that every 100g of camote tops contain as taken from First Vita Plus website : 30 calcium 24 magnesium 373 potassium 13 sodium 49 phosphorus 85 chlorine 26 sulphur 0. 8 mg/kg iodine traces of manganese, copper and zinc Were you surprised that this cheap vegetable can be this nutritious? In fact, some people plant this in their backyards and just harvest them when they want to have them for salad or tea. How to cite Talbos Ng Kamote Tea Recipe and It’s Advantages, Papers

Na Na by Trey Songz free essay sample

The Life of Trey Songz Trey Songz’s Real name is Tremaine Aldon Neverson. He just recently released a new song called â€Å"Na Na†. He is a Grammy Award nominated singer-songwriter, known for hit songs like â€Å"Can’t Help but Wait†. â€Å"Na Na† is an RB (Rhythm and Blues)/ soul song. Three important things to know are what â€Å"Na Na† is about, songs he has written, and what inspires him to sing. A few personal facts about Trey Songz are that he was born on November 28, 1984. His mother, April, was 17 when she had Trey. He was raised in a military family. At 29 years old he stands six feet 1 inch tall, and currently lives in Petersburg, Virginia. In his family he has 3 siblings, Forrest Neverson, Nikki Neverson, and Alex Neverson. Some movies he has starred in are â€Å"Texas Chainsaw 3D†, â€Å"Baggage Claim† and â€Å"Preachers Kid†. Not only is he an actor but he has produced a lot of popular songs. We will write a custom essay sample on Na Na by Trey Songz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Trey Songz writes multiple different genres such as; RB/ soul, hip hop, and rap.. His most recent song that was released in 2014 and was named â€Å"Na Na†. Another popular song was named â€Å"Heart Attack† and was released in 2012. In 2010 he wrote another song called â€Å"Bottoms Up†. To kick off his singing career, he released his debut album â€Å"I Gotta Make It† in 2005. His second album was released in 2007 called â€Å"Trey Day†. In 2009 his third album â€Å"Ready†, was released. â€Å"Passion, Pain and Pleasure† was Trey’s fourth studio album and it was released on the day of September 14, of 2010. Songz’s most recent album named â€Å"Chapter V† was released on August 21, 2012. Trey had to have an inspiration that got him to write all of his songs. Trey’s mother, April (Gholson) Tucker, is the person who introduced him to his journey. She convinced him to enter in nearby talent shows. When he w as littler he won a total of 20 different talent shows. While he was at one of the many talent shows he entered, he met his current producer, Troy Taylor. Trey’s friends were also very helpful and supportive in his decisions to enter into talents shows to possibly become a singer. Songz’s mother, producer, and his friends in were all very supportive in his career choice and are his inspirations to keep singing-songwriting. His mother was 17 when Trey was born. Trey Songz has had 5 Album through his career as a singer-songwriter such as his first album â€Å"Chapter V† and his debut album â€Å"I Gotta Make It†. His mother is what keeps him pursuing his career in being a singer-songwriter. â€Å"Na Na† by Trey Songz is an RB/ soul song. At first he didn’t think singing would be his career choice but he was incorrect. Anyone who can sing can become a singer they just need to strive for it.

Pablo Picasso as a Cubist an Example of the Topic Arts Essays by

Pablo Picasso as a Cubist Now is the time in this period of changes and revolution to use a revolutionary manner of painting and not to paint like before. - Pablo Picasso, 1935. (Chipp 488) Need essay sample on "Pablo Picasso as a Cubist" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Although the remark was made in 1935, Pablo Diego Jose Santiago Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispin Cripiano de los Remedios Cipriano de Santisima Trinidad Ruiz Blasco y Picasso Lopez, or simply Pablo Picasso, started to paint in a revolutionary style, proving his own genius contribution to art already in 1906. Inspired by Czanne's flattened illustration of space and working alongside his friend Georges Braque, he began to express space in strong cubical terms. The terms of cubist style, this emphasizes the flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane, whose several sides can be seen simultaneously. The change in his work between 1906 and 1907, influenced by the primitive African sculptures and Czanne's flattened illustration of space, resulted in a famous painting "Les Mademoiselles d'Avignon". All in all, it could be said that Pablo Picasso created the movement of Cubism which has ultimately been the forefather of many art movements. Modernity caused Picasso to look at new methods and exploring the possibilities of art. Picasso ultimately believed in the artist as a genius and believed that art could be anything. Picasso is typically Modernist in his striving for originality and his seeking of new ways to express his ideas. Picassos present was immediacy, particularly his impromptu perfection of drawing was matchless. And yet this same man who could draw art like Raphael destroyed traditional beauty in his search for the new art form (www.artchive.com/artchive/P/picasso.html). This opened the door to primitive art, and went through so many metamorphoses that Picasso is impossible to define. Whatever Picasso was dealing with, from nature or the work of another artist, he made it clear that he would do with it as he wished. Picasso clearly stated in his discovery of new art forms that there was no limit to his ability to transform anything he desired, giving us evidence of his belief of the artist as genius. The ar tist Picasso was influenced by modernity in his dealing with issues and what issues he dealt with. Besides like all followers of modernism, the goal of Picassos 'cubism' was to overthrow the traditional role of painting in depicting an illusion of reality. The traditional artist had to recreate the appearance of people and objects from one viewpoint, placing them in a deep space. Picasso aimed to form a new way of interpreting reality by looking from different viewpoints at once. This exploration was not for the sake of pleasing the public and audience, but to further the boundaries of art. Picassos borrowing of ideas from primitive cultures, such as African and Spanish, was rather radical at the time and was frowned upon. Picasso was particularly influenced by their bold times, simplified shapes and horrific expressions (Batterberry, 1986). The modernistic belief of looking into the future and coming up with new things are evident in the painting "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon", which was a pivotal piece in Picasso's myriad of artworks. In Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Picasso frees himself from 'literary content' and thereby paves the way for his experimentation with form that would generally characterize Cubism. Overall in the painting there are no empty zones, almost all sections of the work have been over painted. This work believed in the cumulative effect of beautiful things, in the improvement of the beautiful. This painting was seen as a disgrace and caused criticisms, as it broke all traditional beliefs and was new and therefore allowed a change in what art was. Cubism was thought to be one of the most influential art movements of the 20th century and considered to be the parent of all abstract forms (Artists Rights Society (ARS), 2000). In 1908 - 1912, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque had developed "Analytical Cubism" into an entirely new means of pictorial expression. In "Analytical Cubism" which is the original stage, objects were deconstructed into their components. For instance, In "Girl with a Mandolin" (1910) Pablo Picasso begins the series. In the paintings produced during this period Picasso applied a rigid system and precisely structured figurative language to individual objects, and in reality to three different persons, each of whom are portrayed in an individual manner without the artist having to make the slightest sacrifice in his method of paining. The image of their person is constructed in a different way each time, with facets and superimposed planes that certainly do not represent space in the traditional manner, but give strong impression of depth. The goal of "Analytical Cubism" was to develop a conceptual image of an object, in opposition to a perceptual one. At its apogee, Analytical Cubism re ached the level of expression that was close to passing beyond the comprehension of the observer. Another famous work of Picasso, a "Seated Woman", was a result of that period. The aim of this portrait was to produce a conceptual image of an object as opposite to a perceptual one. All in all, it could be said that Pablo Picasso created the movement of Cubism which has ultimately been the forefather of many art movements (Artists Rights Society (ARS), 2000). In 1912 - 1917, Pablo Picasso had developed "Synthetic Cubism". Pablo Picasso was taking cubism to the level of complete abstraction and remained in the domain of tangible objects. Collage also a Synthetic Cubism phase. "Analytical Cubism" fragmented figures into geometric planes, "Synthetic Cubism" combined near abstract shapes to create representational forms, such as a human figure or still. For example, in "Still Life with Violin and Fruit" (1912); this technique had a double implication: firstly, it brought elements from actual reality into the otherwise closed unit of the Cubist composition, destroying what had become almost a code language; secondly, it now made objective the only part which had remained subjective in a Cubist painting - the brushstrokes are replaced by an appropriately objective way of applying colors. "Synthetic Cubism" also combines different textures, such as wood grain, sad, and printed matter. In some works, Pablo Picasso applied these textures as collag e. Anarchist ideas played a crucial role in Picasso's use of newsprint in his Cubist collages of 1912-13, not only influencing his choice and placement of news items but also inspiring the original act of introducing into his art, in the most literal way, the issues and events of the current Balkan Wars. Picasso's early encounter with anarchism in the artistic circles of Barcelona and Paris had a profound impact on his development as an artist, and is an intrinsic part of the social and aesthetic background necessary to an understanding of his work prior to World War I (www.artchive.com/artchive/P/picasso.html). Picasso was not a doctrinaire anarchist with a program "hidden" in his work, but rather one of scores of artists of the 1890's and early 1900's inspired by the Utopian visions of the larger libertarian movement, as it meshed with the international Symbolist movement in art and literature. Anarcho-Symbolist ideas helped form Picasso's view of himself as an artist in society, his ideas about spontaneity and the inspiration of the artist, and about the virtues of "unsophisticated" primitive art. The anarchists' social critique and romantic revolutionism also exerted a discernible influence on Picasso's early work - especially evident in the Blue Period - but was most articulately manifested in his early collages, both in style and, more surprisingly, in content (Batterberry 244). Following World War II, Pablo Picasso's works became less political and more gentle. He spent the remaining years of his life in an exploration various historical styles of art, making several reproductions of the work of earlier artist. Pablo Picasso left this world leaving a great amount of knowledge about art. Even though most of the world protested his radical ideas at first, he invented many differentt techniques and ideas to add to the ever-elusive art world. At the age of ninety-one, he passed away of heart failure. He died on April 8, 1973 and is buried in Notre Dame de Vie in Mougin, France (World Book Encyclopedia). Works Cited Batterberry, Ariane Ruskin. "Picasso, Pablo." The New Book of Nowledge, Vol. 15, 1986 ed., pp. 243-244. Chipp, Herschel. Theories of Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics. Los Angeles: University of California, 1968. "Pablo Picasso." www.artchive.com/artchive/P/picasso.html "Pablo Picasso 1881 1973." Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, 2000. "Picasso." World Book Encyclopedia, Vol 15, 1995, pp. 448-449.

Mentos Essay Example

Mentos Essay Example Mentos Essay Mentos Essay Experimental Question: What will happen if you dropped a mentos candy in a bottle of diet coke? Why do you think so? Abstract: Placing a mentos candy in a bottle of diet coke will cause bubbles to react. Bubbles are formed and it pushes the liquid up and out of the bottle causing an eruption. I became interested in this topic because my friend helped me choose this topic. Background Research: Sodas have a lot of carbon dioxide (CO2) Mentos candy has thousands of tiny little holes even though we cannot see them. The tiny little holes allow the carbon dioxide gas to create more and more bubbles. It will create so many bubbles that the bottle erupts with foams of liquid. Hypothesis: I predict if you drop a mentos in the diet coke, bubbles will form and push the liquid up and out of the bottle because I believe that mentos and diet coke will cause a reaction. Materials: * 1 Roll of mentos mint candies * Paper and tape to make a paper tube * Index card * 2 liters of bottled diet or regular soda Procedure: 1. Make a paper-tube using paper and tube. 2. Place your mentos candies inside a paper-tube. . Place the index card over the paper tube on the top end, and flip it over. 4. Open a liter of soda by removing the cap and shake the bottle a little. 5. Place the rolled candies from the paper tube over the bottle opening. 6. Remove the index card so that the candies will fall into the bottle. 7. Stand back and watch. Results and Observations: Bubbles began to form in the bottle Foams of liquid rush o ut of the bottle in a matter of seconds It went twice as high as my height Only 30% of the soda was left in the bottle Mentos candies are still in the bottle Conclusion: So, my experiment question was â€Å"What will happen if you dropped a mentos candy in a bottle of diet coke? † After doing the experiment, I concluded that my hypothesis is correct because a reaction did occur by dropping a mentos candy in a bottle of diet coke. We all know that soda have a lot of carbon dioxide gas and mentos candy have thousands of tiny little holes even though we cannot see it. The gas in the soda creates so many bubbles from the mentos candy that it release so much liquid out of the bottle. The picture shows that I dropped 1 roll of mentos in the bottle and it erupted really fast. I almost got myself wet and I had so much fun working on this experiment. Future Research: I would like to know how high the foam of liquid will shoot out with a certain amount of liquids. I used 13 mentos and it went pretty high and I would like to see how high it would go with fewer mentos. Bibliography: * Diet Coke  and  Mentos  eruption Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Diet_Coke_and_Mentos_eruption * Mentos Diet Coke  Geyser at Steve Spangler Science stevespanglerscience. com/experiment/00000109

How is the music industry being affected by iTunes and similar Research Paper

How is the music industry being affected by iTunes and similar services - Research Paper Example This work "How is the music industry being affected by iTunes and similar services?" outlines how the introduction of iTunes, Amazon MP3, Napster, Zune Marketplace and Rhapsody have changed the music industry business. Instead of buying the whole CD just for one song people nowadays prefer buying their favorite single. Previously people were forced to buy the whole album of a particular artist or band on CD if they liked a particular song however now people have the choice of buying only the song they prefer instead of the whole album. This means that people save on their cost and can buy many more such singles instead of wasting their money on just a single album, whose songs they will hardly listen to except for that one song. Hence services like Amazon and iTunes allow people to choose amongst various songs from a plethora of songs in their database. With services such as iTunes, music has become increasingly accessible for the consumers. It is now very easy to transfer your favor ite song to your handheld device allowing you to listen to your favorite song on the go. Instead of going to the neighborhood’s music shop to buy the album that had your favorite song now you can just sit at home and buy your favorite song online. Artists who worked hard on making their whole album a success are at a disadvantage as others can easily steal their spotlight by introducing their one single hit and then disappearing into anonymity. This has led to a decline in the artists’ creativity.... This means that people save on their cost and can buy many more such singles instead of wasting their money on just a single album, whose songs they will hardly listen to except for that one song. Hence services like Amazon and iTunes allow people to choose amongst various songs from a plethora of songs in their database. With services such as iTunes, music has become increasingly accessible for the consumers. It is now very easy to transfer your favorite song to your handheld device allowing you to listen to your favorite song on the go. Instead of going to the neighborhood’s music shop to buy the album that had your favorite song now you can just sit at home and buy your favorite song online. Artists who worked hard on making their whole album a success are at a disadvantage as others can easily steal their spotlight by introducing their one single hit and then disappearing into anonymity. This has no doubt led to a decline in the artists’ creativity as we no longer s ee albums with all the songs that were a hit. On the other hand however, there has been an increase in the sale of individual songs because they are cheaper than the whole album. In fact by 2010, iTunes had sold 10,000,000,000 songs and the online music store is still going strong with consumers buying thousands of songs from the iTunes store every day. However the increase in sales does not add that much in revenue that it can offset the decline in revenue from the fall in sales of music CDs. In a study conducted by Elberse, she found out that for every one percent rise in the consumers who shift to buying music online there is a six percent drop in the sale of albums. Sales of a ‘mixed bundle’ (the album plus its single) fell from $15000 in 2005 to just $7000 in 2007 (a staggering

Personal Development and Careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Personal Development and Careers - Essay Example The process of learning leads to acquiring of knowledge. Learning is commonly defined as the process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views (Illeris, 2000; Ormorod, 1995)’.Learning process focuses on what happens when the learning takes place. There are various Learning Theories which explore the process of learning. A learning theory is attempts to describe how people and animals learn; thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning. Thus, through this process permanent change in the behavior and pattern is observed. The change, which comes through learning, is permanent in the sense that it improves one’s performance in his/her field. Learning theories have two main functions. According to the definition by Hill (2002). â€Å"One is providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpr eting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems. The theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variables that are crucial in finding solutions.† David Kolb’s, a pioneer in the field of learning, developed a model, which he published in the year 1984.Through this model was originated the Kolb’s Experimental Learning Theory. This theory establishes four stage-learning styles which can also be called the Training Cycle. In this four-stage cycle of learning, â€Å"immediate or concrete experiences provide a basis for observations and reflections. These observations and reflections are assimilated and distilled into abstract concepts producing new implications for action that can be actively tested in turn creating new experiences†. Through the entire cycle of learning, the learner touches the basis, that is, a cycle of experiencing, reflecting, thinking , and acting. Immediate and concrete experiences lead to observations and reflections, these reflections are then absorbed or assimilated as abstract concepts which in turn help in creation of new processes. Thus, Kolb’s categorizes learners into four types according to his definition. Convergers, Diverger, Assimilator and Accommodator. A learning process must accomplish all these four responses. Convergers are characterized by abstract conceptualization and active experimentation; they are good at practical application of ideas and proficient at deductive reasoning. Divergers are reflective in observation and they are imaginative. They have concrete ideas. Assimilators are capable of crafting theoretical models by means of inductive reasoning and Accommodators are good at actively engaging with the world. Kolb’s learning style methods are acknowledged by the academicians, teachers, managers and trainers. This model has helped people in learning and understanding human behaviour. Another model of learning is Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory Model that offers simple and accessible methods to understand and explain people preferred ways to learn and develop. It is a classic model to understand and teach many aspects of human behaviour and intelligence, learning style and personality. It is also a widely accepted model in the field of academics and industry though developed initially for psychology. In simple terms this theory is based on cognitive perspective. Gardner discovered seven

NAFTA - United States, Canada, and Mexico Trading Together Research Paper

NAFTA - United States, Canada, and Mexico Trading Together - Research Paper Example It was actually signed by President George H. W. Bush along with Mexican President Salinas, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in 1992. Ratification of the legislature by the three countries took place in 1993. By campaigning on a common market, President Ronald Reagan actually began formation of NAFTA, which lead to the passing of the Trade and Tariff Act in 1984. The act gave the president authority to negotiate the free trade, but only allowing Congress the ability to approve or disapprove. Congress was not allowed to change any negotiating factors. Canada and the United States began negotiations for the Canada and US free trade agreement, which was put into effect in 1989. This treat is now suspended due to the onset of NAFTA. Mexican President Salinas and President Bush began negotiations for a trade agreement between Mexico and the United States. History shows that Mexican tariffs on US Imports were 250 per cent higher than US tariffs on Mexican imports. Canada was the first to suggest an agreement between the three countries, which lead to NAFTA. Since the signing of the NAFTA agreement in 1994, two addenda have been added. NAFTA has linked 450 million people from differing countries producing $17 trillion worth of services and goods. NAFTA was originally signed into law for a period of 15 years. NAFTA eliminated tariffs and created an agreement based on the rights of international business investors. This reduced the cost of trade, which promotes growth and investment. Eliminating tariffs also reduces inflation by lowering the cost of imports. Some features of NAFTA that specify its purpose were to eliminate existing barriers to trade and make effective the cross-border movement of services and goods. It was also to promote an atmosphere of fair competition. This, in turn, created increased investment opportunities for all three countries. Other features included providing enforcement and protection of intellectual property rights and creating procedures for the resolution of trade disputes.     

The History Place Adolf Eichmann | Summary

The History Place Adolf Eichmann | Summary Adolf Eichmann In the following paper, the thesis on â€Å"The History Place Adolf Eichmann† is â€Å"Eichmann, the man who changed his mind in the treatment of Jews.† It examines the different stages of his participation in the holocaust. Adolf Eichmann was influential in the development of social, political, and economic history during Hitlers rule. The paper will end with a conclusion and some personal observations. Eichmann started out in the bottom-most ranks of the Nazi party as a clerk for the section assigned to investigate prominent Jews. His interest in Jewish culture escalated as he began to study their language, and attend Jewish sections of towns. He became known as the â€Å"Jewish specialist,† (p.2) which gave him the ability to rise in the ranks of the Nazi party. Eichmann, in the beginning, had no intentions to commit genocide of the Jews. Instead, he initially attempted to relocate the Jewish population. Upon being assigned to explore potential â€Å"solutions to the Jewish question,† in 1937, he visited Palestine. His goal was to convince the Arab leaders to allow him an exodus of Jews to the Middle East. However, he was unsuccessful and sent out of the country (p.2). Although it would be horrible to relocate a certain ethnic group, it exemplifies that he did not yet intend for murder to occur. In 1938, during the Nazi occupation of Austria, upon realizing financial gain was possible, he created a â€Å"Central Office for Jewish Emigration,† in Vienna (p.2). This had the purpose of extorting the Jewish peoples wealth for a safe way out of the country. The concept was very successful as tremendous wealth was gained and he established similar offices in Prague and Berlin. He had not yet considered murdering the Jewish people. Instead, he offered a secure way to save their lives in return for their wealth. Eichmann, despite stealing money from Jews, had no obvious intentions of committing genocide. In another attempt to relocate the Jews, in July 1940 Eichmann suggested the â€Å"Madagascar Plan,† (p.2) which involved deporting the Jewish population to Madagascar. However, it was never carried out. The Madagascar plan was his last attempt at Jewish relocation before resorting to the â€Å"Final Solution.† Eichmann did not want to treat Jews in harmful ways. In a way, he was trying protecting them from the Nazi regime. He still thought they had a right to live. However, Eichmann soon began his ascension into murdering the Jews.   In Poland, Eichmann forced the Jews into labor camps where thousands of Jews were kept in very small areas; such as the Warsaw ghetto in Poland. This resulted in overpopulation and ensuing deaths through disease and starvation (p.2). At this point Eichmanns mindset had changed as he no longer cared about relocating the Jews, instead fixated on liquidating them. More atrocities to the Jews were committed in the Soviet Union. Daily records were taken to see how many Jews had been slaughtered. Eventually, competitions arose to find out which of the four groups Eichmann controlled had the highest death rates (p.2). Eichmann became more ruthless, making genocide into a contest. He was unremorseful for his actions, turning it into a game. As the killings proceeded, he began finding more structured and advanced methods for carrying out the executions. This consisted of using mobile gas-vans (p.3). The process in which they killed had become industrialized, like a factory. Eichmann no longer thought that any Jew should belong to the world. He no longer killed them individually, rather in groups for efficiency. In January 1942, his goal had become final. At the Wannasee Conference, Eichmann, along with 15 Nazi bureaucrats, they arranged the elimination of the 11 million Jews living in Europe and the Soviet Union3 (p.3). Following the Wannasee Conference, Eichmann became the supreme authority in managing the gathering of Jews into labor camps and newly constructed gas chambers. With great enthusiasm and fanatical efficiency, Eichmann coordinated the genocide of millions of Jews (p.2-4). Eichmann considered it a project to kill millions of Jews, and was excited about it. Eichmann killed for his own amusement, thinking about how he can do it faster, and improve his killing methods. In March, 1944, Eichmann set his eye on Hungary, which, with 725,000, contained the sole remaining big population of Jews. The deportations of Jews began from Hungary to Auschwitz, a labor camp, approximately two months later. Nearly 400,000 Hungarian Jews had been killed by the end of June. Eichmann continued to expand the areas in which he killed as he became more and more determined to exterminate the Jewish populace. Not a single trace of mind in Eichmann thought about saving the Jews in any way. However, by the end of 1944, Eichmann was ordered to terminate the deportations seeing as Germanys empire was now surrounded and almost sure to be defeated. Eichmann paid no attention to the commands as he was determined to extinguish all Jews. Instead, he ordered 50,000 Hungarian Jews to begin an eight day death march to Austria. Eichmanns personal goal in life to was kill Jews. No command or person could stop his unwavering will to kill all Jews. He could not fathom the concept of saving any Jewish lives. I will now discuss Adolf Eichmanns influence in the development of social, political, and economic history during Hitlers rule. Due to Eichmanns looks and dark complexion, his schoolmates teased him by nicknaming him â€Å"the little Jew,† (p.1). He was therefore associated with Jews from an early age. This may have sparked his interest in the Jewish culture and caused him to sympathize with them which is why he, at first, was uninterested in killing them. Hitler ordered the â€Å"physical extermination of the Jews.† Eichmann rose in the ranks to be in charge of this order because he had qualifications such as his knowledge on Jews. During his trial, he insisted he was merely â€Å"following orders,† saying that he was transmitting information from his superiors. He was basically obeying the law by following orders; and in case he didnt, he would be shot (p.4). When Eichmann realized the potential fortune he could extort from the Jews by giving them a safe way out of their country, he established offices of that purpose in Vienna, Prague, and Berlin. In July, 1941, Heydrich, a close partner of Eichmanns, was told to organize â€Å"a general plan of the administrative and ‘financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question,† (p.3). Throughout their mass murdering they would have to think about ‘financial measures. Therefore, at the death camps, all possessions were taken from the Jews and channeled into secret Reichsbank accounts. Eichmann had massive financial gains from his actions, and his greed may have been the cause for his determination to continue. To conclude, Eichmann essentially was â€Å"the man who changed his mind in the treatment of Jews.† At first, his final intentions to commit genocide on the Jews seemed impossible as he aimed to relocate the Jews. However, before long he had changed his mind and began his plans to eliminate the Jewish population. He disregarded his sense of morality more and more as he built up his power and, even when told to cease the massacre, he continued. Socially, Eichmann was teased, being nicknamed â€Å"the little Jew.† Politically, he followed orders and rose in the ranks of the Nazi party. Economically, a tremendous amount of money was gained. I would be lying if I said the biography didnt interest me. The paper gave a good insight into the life of Adolf Eichmann and how the Jews were treated during World War Two. Being Jewish myself, I had never realized how big an impact Eichmann had on the holocaust until I read the paper. I was horrified by the amount of control one person could have on an entire ethnic group. It can definitely be recommended as it clearly shows a persons transition from being normal to one of the person responsible for the murder of six million Jews. However, the biography contains little detail, being only three pages long; and it does not describe his psychological change sufficiently. However, it provides a good introduction to Eichmanns life. From the paper, I learned how Eichmanns mindset changed over time. He went from trying to relocate the Jews; to killing individual Jews; to trapping and killing a section of Jews; to mass-murder of the European Jewish population. In the end, he became addicted to murdering Jews, and could not be stopped. In addition, I learned how ruthlessly the Jews were treated during World War II. By Eichmann, they became viewed as insignificant â€Å"toys,† for his enjoyment. The methods of killing them were brutal. It was like a factory process, with gas chambers killing thousands at a time. Many Jews would die of starvation or disease in concentration camps. In Russia, all Jews from a selected village would assemble; where after they would be shot kneeling, subsequent to giving up their clothes and valuables.

Downloading From The Internet: Should it be Allowed? :: Music Internet Computers Essays

Downloading From The Internet: Should it be Allowed? Amy Harmon and John Schwartz’s article, â€Å"The Problem With Sharing†, published in the November 17 issue of New York Times Upfront, discusses problems with downloading files from the Internet. The article explains that there are many problems with downloading music from the Internet for free. The article states that the attitude all across America is that people feel that anything that is on the Internet is considered free. Most any Internet file sharing is illegal. The music has started to sue people who share files. â€Å"Last month, the industry followed up on its September lawsuits against 261 people accused of illegally downloading music by notifying another 204 people that they would be next† (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz par. 5). Downloading does not fairly pay artists or owners of the material being downloaded. â€Å"I presume the problem these laws are having some impact, but they’re not solving the problem,† says Senator Norm Coleman, a Minnesota Republican (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz par. 7). The article also states that the music industry says that downloading a song from the Internet is like stealing a CD from a store. The American public seems to think that it’s just like recording a song of the radio. The copyright laws says that it is legal to record and distribute copies of a song, as long as they are purchased, to family and friends but its illegal to distribute them to strangers (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz par. 9). The article says that earlier thing like radio stations were being protested by artists until they got paid royalties for radio stations playing their songs. There are some musicians and some small record companies that support downloading because they say it gets artists music at no cost to them. There are several new sites like itunes that sell downloadable music for a cheap price (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz p. 19). The article states that they’re several downloading sites like Kazaa that let people share files for free. The ages of the users vary. According to Nielsen/Net Ratings 3.9million people of all ages used Kazaa during the week of September 15 (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz p. 20). â€Å"As long as technology makes the illegal behavior so easy- and when for many people, it doesn’t feel illegal—the record companies will need to do more than sue† (Harmon, Amy and John Schwartz p.

Critial Vocab, English Lit a Level

Critical Vocabulary Builder A Abjure – To renounce or retract esp formally or under oath, or solemnly. Abduration – The act of renouncing. Ablation – The surgical removal of an organ, structure, or part. Ablate. Ablution –   The ritual washing of a priest’s hands. Abnegate (abnegation) – To deny to oneself; renounce privileges, pleasure, etc. Abstergent – Of cleaning or scouring Abstruse – Not easy to understand; recondite; esoteric. Acalculia – psycol. An inability to make simple mathematical calculations. Acumen – Quickness of perception or discernment; shrewdness shown by keen insight.Adherents – Follower, or supporter of. Adjacent – Being near or close, esp. having a common boundary. ; adjoining; contiguous. Adjuvant – Aiding or assisting. Aesopian – Conveying meaning by hint, euphemism, innuendo or the like. 2) Pertaining to, or characteristic of Aesop or his fables. Aesthetic â⠂¬â€œ Broadly speaking, something pleasing, or the study of beauty. Aesthetic distance –  degree of emotional involvement in a work of art. The most obvious example of aesthetic distance (also referred to simply as distance) occurs with paintings.Some paintings require us to stand back to see the design of the whole painting; standing close, we see the technique of the painting, say the brush strokes, but not the whole. Other paintings require us to stand close to see the whole; their design and any figures become less clear as we move back from the painting. Similarly, fiction, drama, and poetry involve the reader emotionally to different degrees. Emotional distance, or the lack of it, can be seen with children watching a TV program or a movie; it becomes real for them.Writers like Faulkner, the Bronte sisters, or Faulkner pull the reader into their work; the reader identifies closely with the characters and is fully involved with the happenings. Hemingway, on the other ha nd, maintains a greater distance from the reader. Affective Fallacy – The error of evaluating a poem by its effects—especially its emotional effects—upon the reader. As a result the poem itself, as an object of specifically critical judgement, tends to disappear. Alacrity – Liveliness or briskness. Alalia – Complete inability to speak; mutism.Allegory – A narrative where characters, actions and sometimes setting are consistently symbolic of something else (often philosophical or moral abstractions). Alliteration – the use, especially in poetry, of the same sound or sounds, especially consonants, at the beginning of several words that are close together Ambiguity – Ambiguity is the quality of having more than one meaning; does   Ameliorate – To make or become better; improve. Amelioration. Amorphous – Lacking a definite shape; formless. 2 – Of no recognisable character or shape.Anachronisms – Flash backs, jumps forwards. Analogy – a comparison between things which have similar features, often used to help explain a principle or idea Analepis – A flash-back Anathema – A detested person or thing ‘he is anathema to me! ’ 2 A formal ecclesiastical curse of excommunication. Antonym – An antonym is a word opposite in meaning to another word but similar to it in most other respects. For example, tall and short are opposite in meaning but both are the same parts of speech (adjectives) and would take the same position in a sentence.Aporia – An impassable moment or point in a narrative, a hole or opening that produces a hermeneutic analysis. Arbitrarily – Founded on or subject to personal whims, prejudices, etc. ; capricious. 2 – Having only relative application. 3 – Of a government or ruler despotic or dictatorial. Arcane – Requiring secret knowledge to be understood; mysterious; esoteric. Arrhythmic / Arrhythm ia – Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat. Arriere-pensee – An unrevealed thought or intention. Arriviste – A person who is unscrupulously ambitious. Assiduous – Hard-working; persevering.Assignation – A secret or forbidden arrangement to meet esp. between lovers. Attest – To affirm the correctness or truth of. Auric – Of or containing gold in the trivalent state. Autodidact – One who is self-taught. Avarice – The getting and keeping of money, possessions etc as a purpose to live for. B Ballad –  relatively short narrative poem, written to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. The ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these. Two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition and the ballad stanza.Incremental repetition repeats one or more lines with small but significant variations that advance the action. The ballad stanza is four lines; commonly, t he first and third lines contain four feet or accents, the second and fourth lines contain three feet. Ballads often open abruptly, present brief descriptions, and use concise dialogue. Baroque – A term applied by art-historians (at first derogatorily, but now merely descriptively) to a style of architecture, sculpture, and painting that developed in Italy at the beginning of the seventeenth century and then spread to Germany and other European countries.The style employs the classical forms of the renaissance, but breaks them up and intermingles them to achieve elaborate, grandiose, energetic, and highly dramatic effects. In Literature, it may signify magniloquent style in verse or prose. Beatitude – Supreme blessedness or happiness. Benefactor – A person who supports or helps a person (Beneficiary), institution etc. , esp. by giving money; patron. Bilious – Bad tempered. 2. Hideously green. Blank verse – Blank verse is a form based on unrhymed li nes of iambic pentameter.The verse parts of Shakespeare's plays are blank verse (with exceptions, such as the witches' recipe), as is Milton's Paradise Lost. The form is one that is close to normal speech (indeed, â€Å"the form is one that's close to normal speech† is itself an iambic pentameter) so it gives a subtle pulse to a poem, rather than an obvious shaping as a limerick might. However, there is a tendency in contemporary poetry to use shorter lines, so the form can also sound stately or slow to a modern ear.? Bowyer – Person or makes or sells archery bows. Bumptious – Offensively self-assertive or conceited.C Cadence – (Poetry) A fall, in tone, in pitch etc. Catalectic – (Poetry) – of a line, missing one or more beats. Catechism – Instruction by a series of questions and answers esp a book containing such instruction on the religious doctrine of the Christian church. 2 Rigorous and persistent questioning, as in a test or inte rview. Character – Characters may be classified as round (three-dimensional, fully developed) or as flat (having only a few traits or only enough traits to fulfil their function in the work); as developing (dynamic) characters or as static characters.Caesura – a strong pause within a line, and is often found alongside enjambment. If all the pauses in the sense of the poem were to occur at the line breaks, this could become dull; moving the pauses so they occur within the line creates a musical interest. Chivalric Romance – Developed in 12th Century France, spread and displaced epic and heroic forms. Climax – The height of tensions or suspense in a story's plot where conflict comes to a peak. Coetaneous – Of the same age or period. Coeval – Of belonging to the same age or generation. 2) A contemporary.Collocate – To group or place together in some system or order. Collusion – Secret agreement for a fraudulent purpose; connivance ; conspiracy. Conceit – The Metaphysical poets of the seventeenth century enjoyed creating particularly audacious metaphors and similes to compare very unlike things, and drawing attention to how skilfully they could sustain this comparison; this became known as the conceit. The classic example is probably Donne's ‘The Flea', in which a flea-bite is compared to a marriage, and like most conceits, the extended comparison is more notable for its invention than its believability.Concomitant – Existing or occurring together; associative. Concord – Agreement or harmony between people or nations; amity. Confabulate – To talk together, to communicate. Confiteor – A prayer consisting of a general confession of sinfulness and an entreaty for forgiveness. Conflagration – A large destructive fire. Conflagration – A large destructive fire. Conflate / Conflation – To combine or blend, esp two versions of a text, so as to form a whole. Conflict – The part of the plot that establishes an opposition that becomes a point of interest.Can ve an opposition between characters, between character and environment, between elements in a character's personality etc. Conglomerate – A thing composed heterogeneous elements. Conjecture – The formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence; a guess. Consonance – Consonance is the effect of similar speech-sounds being near each other. Some forms of consonance can be singled out, which are: alliteration, where initial sounds matter; sibilance, where ‘s' and ‘z' sounds are enhanced; and assonance, where the vowel-sounds of words are in concert.Contiguous – Touching along the side or boundary; in contact. Convivial – Sociable, jovial or festive. Corpulent – Physically bulky; fat. Coterie – A small exclusive group of friends with common interests; clique. Coterminous – Enclosed within a common boundary. Coter minous – Having a common boundary. Couplet – A couplet is a stanza (or even a poem) consisting of two lines. These need not rhyme, nor be the same length, but can be. If there is no enjambment at the end of the second line, it can be called a closed couplet (the opposite being an open couplet), especially if this is a recurring pattern.A closed rhyming couplet in iambic pentameter, especially one which forms a unit of sense, is called a heroic couplet; many of these can be found in Pope's ‘Essay on Man'. It is also possible to find a longer poem whose lines are rhymed in pairs – aabbcc etc – described as being in rhyming couplets, even if the stanzas are longer than two lines. D Daltonism – Colour blindness: the inability to distinguish green from red. Damocles – Imminent danger in midst of prosperity/ Greek who feasted with sword hung by a hair above his head. De Facto – In fact. 2 – Existing in fact.De haut en bas †“ In condescending or superior manner. De’ I gra’tia – By God’s grace. Deambulation – Walking. Debacle – Break-up of ice on a river/ confused rush or stampede/ collapse, downfall esp of a government. Debouch – (esp. of troops) – To move into a more open space, as from a narrow or concealed place. Declarativist – Want to show a mystery resolved – transparent – form has no effect over the shaping of events. Declivous – Sloping down. Decrescent – Waning, decreasing usually of the moon. Deference – Submission to or compliance with the will, wishes, etc. of another. Deleterious – Noxious physically or morally injurious. Demarcate – To mark, fix, or draw the boundaries, limits etc. (Demarcation) – the act of establishing limits, boundaries etc. Denouement – French for untying, it is the final element of the conflict in a plot similar to a resolution, usually very emotional. Devilment – Mischief, wild spirits: Devilish or strange phenomenon. Dextrous – Variant spelling of dexterous – Possessing or done with dexterity. Diatribe – A bitter or violent criticism or attack; denunciation.Dichotomy – a difference between two completely opposite ideas or things Dramatic monologue – A dramatic monologue is a poem that shares many features with a speech from a play: one person speaks, and in that speech there are clues to his/her character, the character of the implied person or people that s/he is speaking to, the situation in which it is spoken and the story that has led to this situation. Ian Duhig's ‘Fundamentals', for example, gives plenty of information about the character of the hapless missionary, about the tone of the meeting, and the colonial violence that underpins what is on face value a message of religion.The effect is one of a small poem seeming to leave you with the experience of having s een the whole film that was packed tightly into it. Dystaxia – Lack of muscular co-ordination resulting in shaky limb movements and unsteady gait. E Eclectic – Selecting or made up of what seems best of varied sources. Effervesce – To give off bubbles of gas. Egalitarian – of relating to, or upholding the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political, social, and economic equality. Egregious – Outstandingly bad; flagrant. Egress – (also called egression) – the act of going or coming out; emergence.Electorate – The body of all qualified voters Elegy – An elegy is a poem of mourning; this is often the poet mourning one person, but the definition also includes Thomas Gray's ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard', which mourns all the occupants of that churchyard, and looks into the future to mourn the poet's own death. The difference between an elegy and a eulogy is that the latter is a speech given to honour someone's best qualities, often (but not necessarily) after their death. Endemic – Present within or localised area or peculiar to persons in such an area.Enjambement – Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence or clause over a line-break. If a poet allows all the sentences of a poem to end in the same place as regular line-breaks, a kind of deadening can happen in the ear, and in the brain too, as all the thoughts can end up being the same length. Enjambment is one way of creating audible interest; others include caesurae, or having variable line-lengths. Enlightenment – The name applied to an intellectual movement and cultural ambiance which developed in Western Europe during the 17th Century, reaching its height in the 18th century.The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with a belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipatin g the darkness of superstition, prejudice, and barbarity, was freeing humanity from its earlier reliance on mere authority and unexamined tradition, and had opened the prospect of progress toward a life in this world of universal peace and happiness. See Descartes, Locke, Voltaire, Godwin, Diderot, Franklin, Jefferson.Ephemeral – Lasting only for a short time; transitory; short-lived. Epigone – An inferior follower or imitator Epigram – An epigram is a short, succinct poem, often with witty (or even vicious) content. Coleridge wrote an epigram to define an epigram: â€Å"What is an epigram? A dwarfish whole, / Its body brevity and wit its soul. † It is worth noting that this is a stricter definition than epigrams seem to have had in classical Greece and Rome, where the form originates; it is probably the eighteenth-century fondness for a smart wit and the epigrams of Martial that tightened the definition thus.The preference in contemporary poetry for expl oring an issue rather than summing it up means epigrams are not as popular as they were then, but Anne Stevenson's ‘On Going Deaf', with its wit, rhyme and definite opinion, is probably the closest example within the Archive. Epigraph – An epigraph is a brief bit of text, usually borrowed from another writer, found before a poem, but after the title. (You may also find one at the start of a book, before the poems, but after the title page. ) It gives a reader, or listener, something else to hold in mind as the poem is read.Neither part of the poem, nor wholly separate from it, an epigraph can be used for various purposes; it can be necessary information to understand a poem, for example, or it can be something with which the poem disagrees. Epistemophilia – The reader’s desire to know. Ergo – Therefore; hence. Esoteric – Restricted to or intended for an enlightened or initiated minority, esp. because of abstruseness or obscurity: an esoteric cult. 2 – Difficult to understand; abstruse: an esoteric statement. 3 – Not openly admitted; private: esoteric aims. Espouse – To adopt or give support to.Espy – To catch sight of or perceive. Eugenics – The study of improving the quality of the human race esp. by selective breeding. Evanescent – Passing out of sight; fading away; vanishing. Evangelism – The practice of spreading the Christian gospel. 2 – Ardent or missionary zeal for a cause Exegesis – Explanation or critical interpretation of a text, esp. of the Bible Exhaustivistic – A book must be complete; to be reliable is to be complete therefore Realistic novels have more detail and description per square inch than any other literary form.Expectorant – Promoting the secretion, liquefaction, or expulsion of sputum from the respiratory passages. Expediency – Appropriateness; suitability. 2) The use or inclination towards methods that are advant ageous rather than fair. Exposition – Provides background on characters, setting, plot. Extant – Still existing; not yet destroyed, lost or extinct. F Fabula – Order of events recounted by the narrative, the real order of the chronological events. Facetious – joking or jesting often inappropriately / meant to be humorous or funny : not serious.Falsetto – A form of vocal production used by male singers to extend their range upwards beyond its natural compass by limiting the vibration of the vocal cords. Fatuous –Complacently or inanely foolish. Feminine – of an ending (poetry) of one or more unstressed beats. Fervour – Great intensity of feeling or belief. Figurative Language – Language used in a way to achieve some effect beyond literal meaning. See hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile and synecdoche. Flambeau – A burning torch, as used in night processions.Foil – A foil is a secondary character who contrasts with a major character; in Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras, whose fathers have been killed, are foils for Hamlet. Foot – A foot is a unit of metre, consisting of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables. If stressed syllables are marked â€Å"/† and unstressed â€Å"u†, the main types can be shown thus:? Iamb: [ u / ], such as â€Å"delight†. (The adjective is â€Å"iambic†. ) Trochee: [ / u ], such as â€Å"badger† (Trochaic)? Anapest, or anapaest: [ u u / ], such as â€Å"unaware† (Anapestic / anapaestic)?Dactyl: [ / u u ], such as â€Å"multiple† (Dactylic) and, more rarely: Spondee: [ / / ], such as â€Å"tooth-ache†? Pyrrhic: [ u u ], such as â€Å"such as† was until it was put in quotation marks. It is important to remember that feet and words need not coincide. The feet in John Heath-Stubbs' line, â€Å"A caterpillar among those mulberry leaves†, from ‘The Mulberry Tree' app ear thus: | a CAT | er PILL | ar a MONG | those MUL | berry LEAVES |? | u / | u / | u u / | u / | u / |That one word â€Å"caterpillar† is scattered across three feet in this five-foot line – the first two are iambs, then after a single anapaest there are two further iambs (or one iamb and one more anapaest, depending on whether you say mul-ber-ry or mul-bree). Also note that, although there is an anapaest in the centre of this line, this is still a predominantly iambic line (especially as it is within a predominantly iambic poem) – varying the feet like this can keep a line from getting metrically dull. The process of working out where the stresses fall is called scanning, or scansion.It's easiest to do it on poems where the rhythms are pronounced; on the other hand, it can be near-impossible, or simply unhelpful, to scan free verse. The poems suggested below have strongly accented feet, and the links to metre and form go into more detail on how poets use feet. Foregrounding – Giving unusual providence to one element or property of a text, relative to other less noticeable aspects. Form – Form, in poetry, can be understood as the physical structure of the poem: the length of the lines, their rhythms, their system of rhymes and repetition.In this sense, it is normally reserved for the type of poem where these features have been shaped into a pattern, especially a familiar pattern. Another sense of â€Å"form† is to refer to these familiar patterns – these can be simple and open-ended forms, such as blank verse, or can be a complex system of rhymes, rhythms and repeated lines within a fixed number of lines, as a sonnet or villanelle is. (This is similar to the word â€Å"shape†; asked to think about â€Å"a shape†, you would expect a triangle or a circle, but Alaska too has a shape. ) The difference s visible in Sebastian Barker's poem ‘Holy The Heart On Which We Hang Our Hope': the form of t his poem shares aspects with another form, the villanelle, but also differs from it in interesting ways, just as its content shares in some aspects of organised faith but not in others. ACROSTIC ? An acrostic poem is one that uses the first letters of each line to spell out a word or phrase. More uncommonly, you can find a word or phrase through the centre of a poem (when it is called a mesostich) or at the end of the lines (which makes it a telestich).If the poem is written so that the first letters and last letters both write out a message, it is known as a double acrostic. CENTO? A poem consisting only of lines from other poems. This, from the Italian word for patchwork, is almost a technique rather than a form, especially as it can be of any length, and any metre, and need not rhyme; however, as the finished poem is referred to as a cento, just as a sonnet is called a sonnet, it is a form. CLERIHEW?Named after its inventor, this is a four-line poem rhymed aabb; its first line i s the name of the subject of the poem, it often breaks into two sentences at the end of the second line, and the rhythm tends to be entertainingly irregular. DOUBLE-DACTYL? This one is normally reserved for nonsense verse. 8 lines, all consisting of two dactyls (hence the name). Line 1 is a nonsense word (such as â€Å"higgledy-piggledy†), line 2 is someone's name, line 6 is a single six-syllable word, and lines 4 and 8 rhyme. OTTAVA RIMA?A stanza form often used for longer poems, most famously in Byron's ‘Don Juan', consisting of eight lines, usually in iambic pentameter, rhymed abababcc. PANTOUM? This can be of any length; it is a poem of four-line stanzas, in which the second and fourth lines of one stanza become the first and third of the next. The last stanza's second and fourth lines can be the first and third of the first stanza, either reversed or not, which locks the poem into a circle of repetitions or, as the poet Marilyn Hacker says, â€Å"until it ends u p with its tail in its mouth†. ? SPENSERIAN STANZA? 8 lines of iambic pentameter, followed by 1 iambic hexameter (or alexandrine); rhyme scheme ababbcbccc. This is the stanza invented by Spenser in The Faerie Queene. TERZA RIMA? A poem in which each stanza is rhymed aba, with the inner rhyme from one stanza providing the outer rhymes for either the previous or subsequent stanza: aba bcb cdc†¦ or aba cac dcd†¦. The form can end in a single-line stanza, a couplet, or by referring back to the as-yet-unused rhyme from the first stanza.Free Verse –   What free verse claims to be free from is the constraints of regular metre and fixed forms. This makes the poem free to find its own shape according to what the poet – or the poem – wants to say, but still allows him or her to use rhyme, alliteration, rhythms or cadences (etc) to achieve the effects that s/he feels are appropriate. There is an implicit constraint, however, to resist a regular metre in f ree verse – a run of a regular metre will stand out awkwardly in an otherwise free poem.Sometimes known as vers libre, free verse has a long pedigree and is very common in contemporary poetry. Yet there are still voices that claim poetry is only poetry when it is formal verse, and would agree with Robert Frost who, when asked about free verse, said â€Å"I'd just as soon play tennis with the net down†. Fans of free verse can counter with T S Eliot's insistence that â€Å"no vers is libre for the man who wants to do a good job† – the net may be down, but this allows a poet (of either gender) to play to different rules.Simon Armitage's ‘You're Beautiful', for example, creates for himself a set of rules that includes repeated words at the starts of phrases, rather than a structure of repeated sounds at the end of lines. G Garish – Gay or colourful in a crude or vulgar manner. Garner – To gather or store in or as if in a granary Gendarme à ¢â‚¬â€œ A member of the police force of France or in countries formerly influenced or controlled by France. Germane – describes ideas or information connected with and important to a particular subject or situation e. ‘her remarks could not have been more germane to the discussion. ‘ Ghazal – Mimi Khalvati, whose poem ‘Ghazal' is the only poem so far to use a ghazal form in the Archive, defines it at the start of her reading of it: â€Å"Ghazals are an old Persian form, and they're written in self-contained couplets with a monorhyme, sometimes one- (or two- or three-) word repeated phrase, like a refrain, and the last couplet is a signature couplet, in which the writer has to refer to themselves by name, or pseudonym, or by using some kind of wordplay on their name. In her ghazal, the repeated word is â€Å"me†, the rhyme is on â€Å"through†, â€Å"woo†, â€Å"cue†, â€Å"tattoo† and so on, and the ‘signature ' is in the reference to being â€Å"twice the me†, or ‘Mimi'. ?Like the haiku, the age of the form – the ghazal can be traced back through a millennium – and its translation into the English language mean that the ‘rules' have had significant variations over time. You may find some definitions insist that the subject of a ghazal should be love, and others that let the rhyme move to be earlier in the line than Khalvati's placement of it immediately before the refrain.Some insist that each couplet should be complete in itself, meaning that each stanza ends on a full stop, and can therefore have only a thematic connection to those either side. There are even some that do without the refrain, but these appear rare. The closed couplets, however, appear to be a necessity to the form. Gimcrack – Cheap; shoddy. Grandiloquent – Inflated, pompous or bombastic in style or expression. Grandiose – Pretentiously grand or stately. Imposing in conception or execution. H Haiku – A haiku is a brief Japanese form that has been adapted into English in various ways.Its usual definition is that it is a three-line poem, consisting of seventeen syllables split 5 – 7 – 5. Other criteria (such as a ‘zen mood', a reference to a season, or the poem being divided by a word that implies some form of cutting) may be demanded, and may even replace the strict syllable count. John Stallworthy considers Ezra Pound's ‘In a Station of the Metro' a haiku, as, although it has only two lines and considerably more than 17 syllables, it has the brief and direct presentation of an image that many haiku have.Hermeneutics – The theory of interpretation, concerned with general problems of understanding the meaning of the texts. Heterogeneous – Comprised of unrelated or differing parts or elements. Heteroglossia – To describe the variety of voices and language found within a novel, and multiple refe rences found in a single voice. Hoary – Having grey or white hair. 2 White or whitish in colour. Homunculus – A miniature man; midget. 2 – Early biological theory that a miniature man existed in fully-formed in the spermatozoon or egg.Hyperbole – Figurative language that uses exaggeration for emphasis, like I’m starving when you haven’t eaten in four hours, or I’ve been waiting forever when that’s impossible because you probably were born at some point, and forever was happening a long time before you were born. I Impeccant – Not sinning; free from sin. Iambic pentameter – Iambic pentameter is the name given to a line of verse that consists of five iambs (an iamb being one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed, such as â€Å"before†).It has been a fundamental building block of poetry in English, used in many poems by many poets from the English Renaissance to the present day. ?As with any metre, it i s not necessary that every line should be entirely slavish in following the rhythm; in fact, being so could make the poem sound dull. Swapping, dropping or adding stressed and unstressed syllables will lend variety to a line without changing the underlying rhythm. Poems in iambic pentameter may or may not rhyme.Those that are written in continuous lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter are said to be in blank verse, while rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter may be called â€Å"heroic couplets†, particularly when each couplet closes a thought or sentence on its second line. Iconoclast – Someone who attacks established or traditional concepts, principles, laws etc. 2 Destroyer of religious images or sacred images. Ides – (in the Roman calendar) the 15th day in March, May, July, and October and the 13th day of each other month.Idiolect – The variety or form or form of a language used by an individual. Idiopathy – Any disease of unknown cause. Illusioni st – Everything we need to make things happen, and that cause events are all present in the novel: all the causes and events can be traced. Imagery – Imagery is the name given to the elements in a poem that spark off the senses. Despite â€Å"image† being a synonym for â€Å"picture†, images need not be only visual; any of the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell) can respond to what a poet writes.Examples of non-visual imagery can be found in Ken Smith's ‘In Praise of Vodka', where he describes the drink as having â€Å"the taste of air, of wind on fields, / the wind through the long wet forest†, and James Berry's ‘Seashell', which puts the â€Å"ocean sighs† right in a listener's ear. A poet could simply state, say, â€Å"I see a tree†, but it is possible to conjure up much more specific images using techniques such as simile (â€Å"a tree like a spiky rocket†), metaphor (â€Å"a green cloud riding a pole†) or synechdoche (â€Å"bare, black branches†) – each of these suggests a different kind of tree.Techniques, such as these, that can be used to create powerful images are called figurative language, and can also include onomatopoeia, metonymy and personification. One of the great pleasures of poetry is discovering a particularly powerful image; the Imagists of the early 20th century felt it was the most important aspect, so were devoted to finding strong images and presenting them in the clearest language possible. Of course, not every poem is an Imagist poe Immitigable – Unable to be mitigated; relentless; unappeasable.Impasse – A situation in which progress is blocked; an insurmountable difficulty. Impasto – Paint applied thickly, so that brush and palette knife marks are evident. The technique of applying paint in this way. Impecunious – Without money, penniless. Impediments – A hindrance or obstruction. Imprecate â€⠀œ To swear and curse, to blaspheme. In the Middle Ages one hour was equal to 480 ounces of sand, or 22,560 atoms. Inchoate – Just beginning; incipient. 2 – Undeveloped; immature; rudimentary.Incommode – To bother, disturb, or inconvenience. Incommunicado – Deprived of communication with other people, as while in solitary confinement. Incontrovertible – Incapable of being contradicted or disputed; undeniable. Indeterminacy:  Ã‚   The unknowable, undecidable, uncertain, or ambiguous in a text. Indeterminacy is related to gaps in a text, but are less obviously identifiable and are a quality of a reading or interpretation, not just the text. Indign – Undeserving, unworthy.Innocuous – Having little or no adverse or harmful effect; harmless. Innominate – Having no name; nameless. Irony – At its most basic, a difference or gap between the presentation/representation of something and its reality. In other words, when what som ething appears to be and what it is are not the same. Irony can be engaged or detached: Engaged irony uses the gaps between reality and representation to make a point or expose something; detached irony exploits gaps for immediate effect, like humor, satire or surface criticism.Irony can also occur at different levels of a text; for instance, verbal irony would occur at the level of the word or sentence, where double meanings come into play; dramatic irony would occur at the level of the plot, where events and action are   constructed in a way to take the reader in one direction while the reality is something else (a technique often found with 1st person unreliable narrators and 3rd person privileged narrators). Insuperable – Incapable of being overcome. Interlocutor – A person who takes part in a conversation. Internecine – Mutually destructive or ruinous; maiming both or all sides: internecine war.Interpolate – To insert or introduce (a comment, passa ge, etc) into (a conversation, text, etc). 2 To falsify or alter (a text, manuscript etc) by the later addition of spurious or worthless passages. Interpolation – The act of interpolating. Intertextuality:  Ã‚   In a text, implied references to or  implied influences from another text. This concept allows a reader to make links between genres, and to see how themes, plot, etc. may develop or change in relation or in light of that other text. Intractable / Intractability – Difficult to influence or direct; difficult to solve (of problem).Intransigent – Not willing to compromise; obstinate; obstinately maintaining an attitude. Irascible – Prone to anger; easily provoked to anger; hot-tempered. Invidious – Incurring or tending to arouse resentment, unpopularity etc. 2) unfair or offensively discriminating. Inviolable – That must not or cannot be transgressed, dishonoured, or broken; to be kept sacred. Irony: the discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, what is said and what is done, what is expected or intended and what happens, what is meant or said and what others understand.Sometimes irony is classified into types: in situational irony, expectations aroused by a situation are reversed; in cosmic irony or the irony of fate, misfortune is the result of fate, chance, or God; in dramatic irony. the audience knows more than the characters in the play, so that words and action have additional meaning for the audience; Socratic irony is named after Socrates' teaching method, whereby he assumes ignorance and openness to opposing points of view which turn out to be (he shows them to be) foolish. J Joskin – Country bumpkin.Juxtaposition – an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, esp. for comparison or contrast. 2) the state of being close together or side by side   Juxtaposition – when two contrasting ideas, images, phrases, descriptions are placed close together to emph asise their differences. K Kenning – A kenning is a much-compressed form of metaphor, originally used in Anglo-Saxon and Norse poetry. In a kenning, an object is described in a two-word phrase, such as ‘whale-road' for ‘sea'. Some kennings can be more obscure than others, and then grow close to being a riddle.Judith Nicholls' ‘Bluebottle' uses kennings as part of a larger poem, that is itself a riddle; Andrew Fusek Peters and Polly Peters go further, building a pair of poems both consisting entirely of kennings. Kunstlerroman – Development of the artist through a novel similar in some respects to the Bildungsroman. L Lacustrine – Of, growing in or dwelling in lakes. Lagan – Goods or wreckage on the seabed. Langrage – Shot used to damage rigging. Laniferous – Wool bearing. Larceny – A technical word for theft (Larcenous). Larrikin – Rowdy street hooligan.Lepidopterist – A person who collects or studies m oths and butterflies. Lugubrious – Excessively mournful; doleful. Lyric Poetry:a short poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who expresses thought and feeling. Though it is sometimes used only for a brief poem about feeling (like the sonnet). it is more often applied to a poem expressing the complex evolution of thoughts and feeling, such as the elegy, the dramatic monologue, and the ode. The emotion is or seems personal In classical Greece, the lyric was a poem written to be sung, accompanied by a lyre. MMaculation – A pattern of spots as on certain plants and animals. Maelstrom – A large powerful whirlpool 2) Any turbulent confusion. Magniloquent – (of speech) Lofty in style. Malaise – A feeling of unease, mild sickness, or depression. Manumit – To free from slavery, servitude, etc. ; emancipation. Manumission. Manumitter. Maudlin – Foolishly tearful or sentimental, as when drunk. Maunder – To move, talk, or walk a imlessly or idly. Maundy – The ceremony of washing the feet of the poor. (Christianity). Mawkish – Falsely sentimental, esp. in a weak or maudlin way. Melliferous – Forming or producing honey.Meretricious – Superficially or garishly attractive. 2 – Insincere: meretricious praise. Metafictional – Fiction about fiction; or more esp a kind of fiction that openly comments on its own fictional status. Metaphor – An expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the person or object you are trying to describe. (Noun) Metre – Metre is from the Greek word for measuring; at its most basic, metre is a system of describing what we can measure about the audible features of a poem.The systems that have been used in history to structure metres are: the number of syllables (syllabic); the duration of syllables (quantitative); the number of stresse d syllables, or accents (accentual); and combinations of the above. English is not a language that works easily in quantitative metre (although this has not stopped people trying), and it has developed an accentual-syllabic metre for its formal verse. This means that, in a formal poem, the poet will be counting the syllables, the stresses, and keeping them to a pattern.To describe the pattern, the stressed and unstressed syllables are gathered into groups known as feet, and the number of feet to a line gives a name thus: 1 foot: monometer? 2 feet: dimeter? 3 feet: trimeter? 4 feet: tetrameter? 5 feet: pentameter? 6 feet: hexameter? 7 feet: heptameter? 8 feet: octameter Lines of less than 3 or more than 6 feet are rare in formal poems. The pattern of the syllables within a foot is also noted. A foot that is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one, for example, is an iamb; three of these in a row would be an iambic trimeter, while five make the famous iambic pentameter.All the common feet are outlined under ‘Foot' in the glossary. Like the rhythm in a piece of music, the metre is an underlying structure. Poets often slip in extra feet, or remove them, or change stress patterns around to prevent monotony, like playing rubato. (Sometimes a poem seems to be exploring how far a line can be pushed without losing all connection with the underlying metre. ) This means that the discovery of a foot other than an iamb in the middle of what is otherwise iambic, say, does not stop the poem from being ambic; rather the attention ends up lingering at that point, so the word on the different foot ends up more powerful as it has the attention longer. An example of this can be found in Peter Dale's ‘Half-Light'; he writes â€Å"I'm trying not to give another glance. / Lit window thirty years back up that path. † The first line is a perfectly regular iambic pentameter, but the second introduces an extra stress on â€Å"Lit†, so that what the s peaker's trying not to be drawn to seems more powerful, perhaps helping us empathise with him when he does look back and â€Å"catch her eye an instant†.Metonymy – where one term is used in place of something else that it is related to or often associated with; like saying the White House for the president, or Hollywood for the American film industry. Mimetic – Mimics the real world; the text behaves formally in a way to report the world outside. You look at objects and describe how the physical senses receive them. Mithridate – A substance believed to be an antidote to every poison and a cure for every disease. Mitigated – To make or become less severe or harsh.Mobius Strip – A one sided continuous surface, made by twisting a long narrow rectangular strip of material through 180 ° and joining the ends. Mobocracy – Rule or domination by a mob. Modernism – Loosely, a term referring to experimental and avant- garde trends in li terature and other arts in the early 20th century, which resulted from conscious rejections of traditional 19th century artistic conventions like realism and traditional verse forms. Some of the experimental forms include symbolism, expressionism, and surrealism, and some narrative innovations include stream-of-consciousness and multiple points of view.A problematic term, since we are always already in the modern moment. Morass – Swamp; something that entangles, impedes or confuses. Moribund – Near-death, stagnant, without force or vitality. Moribundity, moribundly. Munificent – Very liberal in giving or bestowing; very generous; lavish. Myopia / Myopic – Inability to see distant objects clearly because images are focused in front of the retina. N Nacreous – Relating to or consisting of mother-of-pearl. 2) Having the lustre of mother-of-pearl. Naturalism – Is sometimes claimed to give a more accurate depiction of life than realism.It is a mo de of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in accordance with a particular philosophical thesis. The thesis, a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century, held that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world; and therefore, that such a being is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behaviour are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, heredity and environment.A person inherits compulsive instincts – especially hunger, and the drive to accumulate possessions, and sexuality – and is then subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the milieu into which that person is born. The novel is organized in a mode of a scientific experiment on the behaviour of the characters it depicts. Naturalist writers try to present their subjects with scientific objectivity and with elaborate documen tation, sometimes including an almost medical frankness about activities and bodily functions usually unmentioned in earlier literature.They tend to choose characters that exhibit a strong animalistic drive towards greed and sexual desire and who are helpless victims both of glandular excretions and of sociological pressures without. The end is usually tragic, not in the Elizabethan sense, but of a losing struggle of the individual mind and will against gods, enemies, and circumstances. Instead the protagonist is a pawn to multiple compulsions, and usually disintegrates or is wiped out. OObdurately/ Obdurate – Not easily moved by feelings or supplication; hard-hearted, impervious to persuasion, esp moral persuasion. Objectivist – Humans are treated as objects – subjects should be treated as objects. Occlude – To block up or stop up (a passage or opening). Ode – An ode is a lyric poem, usually addressing a particular person or thing. It originated i n Ancient Greece, and the Pindaric ode (so-called because it was written by the Theban poet Pindar, 518 ? 442 BC) was based on a pattern of three stanzas called the strophe, antistrophe and epode.It was performed by a chorus, which walked along one side of the orchestra chanting the strophe and down the other side chanting the antistrophe, then came to a standstill before the audience and chanted the epode. This performance was repeated with each set of three stanzas. The Horatian ode (invented by the Latin poet Horace in about 65 BC) was adopted in the early 19th century by John Keats for one of his most famous poems, ‘Ode to a Nightingale'. Many modern odes, however, are irregular in form, such as ‘Intimations of Immortality' from ‘Recollections of Early Childhood' by William Wordsworth.While the ode does not necessarily have a regular metre or fixed rhyme scheme, Kit Wright's tongue-in-cheek Ode to Didcot Power Station uses both – as well as a repertoire of old-fashioned language – to parody the lofty style traditionally associated with this form. As Wright says in his introduction, â€Å"if you're going to have an ode, why not go the whole hog? † Oeuvre – A work of art, literature, music etc. Oligarchy – Government by a small group of people. Olivaceous – Of an olive colour. Onomatopoeia – Onomatopoeia is the forming and use of words and phrases to mitate or suggest the sounds they describe, such as bang, whisper, cuckoo, splash and fizz. Onomatopoeia is one of the resources of language more often used by poets than prose writers; this is because poetry is made for the ear as well as the eye, and depends more heavily than prose does on sound-effects. Spike Milligan's ‘On the Ning Nang Nong' makes heavy use of onomatopoeia, but it can play a role in classic poetry too – an example is the use of â€Å"Crash'd† to describe the noise of battle in Tennyson's ‘The Charge of the Heavy Brigade'.Opulence – Having or indicating wealth. Abundant or plentiful. Overslaugh – To pass over or disregard (a person) by giving a promotion, position, etc, to another instead. Oxymoron – Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two terms appear to contradict each other. Some examples have become so familiar that we hardly notice the contradiction, eg deafening silence. The word comes from the Greek: oxus (‘sharp') and moros (‘foolish'). P Paladins – One of the legendary twelve peers of Charlemagne’s court. 2) A knightly champion.Parody – Parody is the imitation of the style of another work, writer or genre, which relies on deliberate exaggeration to achieve comic or satirical effect. It is usually necessary to be familiar with the original in order to appreciate the parody, though some parodies have become better known than the poems they imitate. Pastiche – A work of art that mixes styles, materials etc. 2) A work of art that imitates the style of another artist or period. Pathos – Pathos is part of a poem or other work of art which makes the reader or audience feel sorrow or pity.The Greek word pathos means ‘suffering'. Pathos is a key skill for any writer, and a highly effective feature of many poems, often in those cases where it is somewhat restrained or understated. Poetry has a special reputation for being able to move us. On the other hand, a clumsy or exaggerated attempt at pathos can result instead in bathos or over-sentimentality or make the reader feel manipulated. Pedant – A person who relies too much on academic learning or who is concerned chiefly with insignificant detail. Pedantry – The habit or an instance of being a pedant, esp. in the display of useless knowledge or minute observance of petty rules or details. Peregrinate – To travel or wander about from place to place. Peripatetic – Of or relating to the teachings of Arist otle (384-322B. C. ), Greek philosopher who used to teach whilst walking about. Peripeteia, Peripetia – (esp. in drama) an abrupt turn of events or reversal. Persona – A persona is a fictional character. Sometimes the term means the mask or alter-ego of the author; it is often used for first person works and lyric poems, to distinguish the writer of the work from the character in the work.Personification – in which a concept, idea, object or animal is given human qualities (think of every Bugs Bunny cartoon you ever saw). Perspicuity – The quality of being perspicuous. Perspicuous – (of speech or writing) – easily understood; lucid. Pertinacious – Doggedly resolute in purpose or belief; unyielding. Planchette – A heart-shaped board on wheels with a pencil attached that writes messages under supposed spirit guidance. Platitude – A trite, dull or obvious remark or statement; common place. 2 Staleness or insipidity of thoug ht or language; triteness.Pogroms – An organised persecution or extermination of an ethnic group, esp of Jews. Polemic – Of or involving dispute or controversy. Politburo – The executive and policy-making committee of a communist party. Politic – Artful or shrewd; ingenious: a politic manager. Pollard – An animal, such as a sheep or deer, that has either shed its horns or antlers or has had them removed. Polled – (of animals) having the horns cut off or being naturally hornless. Pollinosis – Technical name for hay fever. Polymath – A person of great and varied learning.Posit – To assume or put forward as fact or the factual basis for an argument; postulate. Postmodernism – Involves not only the continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the countertraditional experiments of modernism, but also attempts to break away form the modernist forms which had, inevitably, become conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist â€Å"high art† by recourse to the models of â€Å"mass culture† in film, television, newspaper cartoons, and popular music. Prescience – nowledge of events before they take place; foresight. Presentiment – A sense of something about to happen.Probabilistic – Gives us a sample that seems most probable; it gives us a slice of life; it makes sure we feel this is a typical representation of the world therefore when they do something out of the norm it is significant. (Humanist tradition = man is the measure of all things). Realism creates situations where humans control everything; otherwise it exceeds the realms of probability. Prolepses – Slowing down/ speeding up of events and other distortions of the linear sequence. Prolix – Wordy, extending to great length. 2) Tending to speak or write at excessive length.Propitious – Presenting favourable circumstances or conditions. 2) Favourably inclinded; gracio us; benevolent. Prose poetry – A prose poem is a poem that does not use line breaks. This still allows the poet to use alliteration, metaphor, ambiguity, personification, and many other poetic techniques, but it can still be strange to see a poem that goes all the way to the right-hand margin. One thing that may differentiate a prose poem from a very short story is that the latter will have a stronger preference for narrative than the former, but this is very much debatable.John Ashbery's ‘For John Clare' is a good example, one that explores the contrast between openness and containment; as John Clare was a poet who was devoted to nature, but locked in an asylum, it could be suggested that it is very appropriate to see the subject explored without the containment that line-endings would give. Prosody – The study and notation of metre. Protagonist – The protagonist is the main character, who is not necessarily a hero or a heroine. The antagonist is the oppo nent; the antagonist may be society, nature, a person, or an aspect of the protagonist.The antihero, a recent type, lacks or seems to lack heroic traits. Providence – Is the idea that good can come out of evil. Purulent – Of relating to, or containing pus. Q R Raucous – (of voices or cries) Harshly or hoarsely load. Reactionary – Reactionist – of relating to or characterised by reaction, esp against radical political or social change. Realism – Realistic fiction is said to oppose Romanticism. The romance is said to present life as we would have it be – more picturesque, fantastic, adventurous, or heroic than actuality; realism is said to present life as it really is.Realistic fiction is written to give the effect that it represents real life and the social world as it appears to the common reader, evoking the sense that the characters actually exist, and that such things might actually happen. Techniques used include the use of the â €˜commonplace everyday setting,’ represented in minute detail. Events, whether ordinary or extraordinary are all rendered in the same matter-of-fact, circumstantial and seemingly unselective way. Recondite – Difficult to understand; abstruse. ) concerned with obscure subject matter. Refrain – A refrain is a repeated part of a poem, particularly when it comes either at the end of a stanza or between two stanzas. Sebastian Barker's ‘The Uncut Stone' has a traditional refrain, consisting of two rhymed sentences that never change at the end of each stanza; James Fenton uses a slightly looser type of refrain in ‘In Paris With You', where the title returns at the end of almost every stanza, but with slight additions so that it continues the sentence of which it is a part.Some forms, such as villanelles, demand a refrain as part of their definitions. With every line repeated, a pantoum might be said to be made entirely of refrains, but this would be an u nusual usage, as refrains tend to be thought of as a moment of repetition within an otherwise flowing poem. Regicidal – The person who kills a king. Regicide – The killing of a king. Requiem – A mass celebrated for the dead – 2 – Any piece of music composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person or persons.Rhyme – Rhyme is the repetition of the end-sounds of words. Examples include Valerie Bloom's use of â€Å"tramp† and â€Å"camp† in ‘The River', Roger McGough's use of â€Å"breath† and â€Å"death† in ‘Oxygen', and Peter Porter's rhyme of a single-syllable word with a polysyllable, â€Å"stars† with â€Å"particulars†, in ‘So, Francis, Where's the Sun? ‘. Each of these is an example of end-rhyme, which means the rhyme occurs at the end of a line, but rhyme can also happen within a line, where it is known as internal rhyme.A rhyme on a stressed syllable, as in the examp les above, is sometimes referred to as ‘masculine rhyme'; its counterpart, feminine rhyme, is made up of a stressed syllable followed by one or more unstressed syllables, such as â€Å"fishes† and â€Å"wishes† in Charles Causley's ‘At the British War Cemetery, Bayeux'. These near-exact repetitions of end-sounds are known as full rhyme (sometimes as perfect, true or exact rhyme).There are also various forms of near-rhymes (half-rhymes, slant-rhymes, pararhymes), which are not exact repetitions, but are close enough to resonate, as David Harsent's use of â€Å"supper† and â€Å"blubber† as rhymes in ‘Marriage: XVI', or P J Kavanagh's â€Å"happy† / â€Å"Cavafy† in ‘Perfection Isn't Like A Perfect Story'. Further types of rhyme include eye-rhyme, which looks like it should rhyme but doesn't (e. g. through / although), and rime riche, in which the words that rhyme sound identical (e. g. hare / hair).Rhyme can be used pu rely for its own sake, because it sounds good, but there may also be further reasons; for example, the form of terza rima has overlapping rhymes that give the poem forward motion, as in George Szirtes' ‘Preston North End', each stanza's middle line giving the rhyme for the outer two lines of the next stanza. The â€Å"breath† / â€Å"death† rhyme, noted above, is not only nice in the ears but resonates because these two concepts are linked, as they are in the poem. Ribald / Ribaldry – Coarse, obscene, or licentious, usually in a humorous or mocking way†¦ SSacrosanct – Very sacred or holy; inviolable. Sadomasochism – The combination of sadistic and masochistic elements in one person, characterised by both aggressive and submissive periods in relationships with others. Sagittal – Resembling an arrow; straight. Sagittate – Shaped like the head of an arrow (esp. , of leaves). Salacious – Lustful, lecherous. Salient †“ Prominent, conspicuous, or a striking salient feature. Sallow – (human skin) – Of an unhealthy yellow. Salutary – Salubrious (healthy) – producing good effects; beneficial. Saprozoic – (of animals or plants) – feeding on dead organic matter.Sardonic – Characterised by satire, mockery, or derision (sardonically). Sasquatch – (In Canadian folklore) – In British Columbia, a hairy beast or manlike monster said to leave huge footprints. Scansion – The individual metrical pattern of a particular line or poem. Schism – The division of a group into opposing factions. 3 Division within or separation from an established church especially the Roman Catholic Church, not necessarily involving differences in doctrine. Self-reflexive – A term applied to literary works that openly reflect upon their own processes of artful composition; how they are written put together.Senescence / senescent – 1) Growing Old 2) Characteristic of old age. Sententious – Characterised or full of aphorisms, terse, pithy sayings, or axioms, tending to indulge in pompous moralising. Sentient / Sentience – Having power of sense perception or sensation, conscious. Sestina – A sestina is a form that uses six six-line stanzas, each using the same six words at the end of its lines in different orders, followed by an envoi of three lines using two of those words to each line. They tend to be written in iambic pentameter, and without rhyme.Later sestinas sometimes allow homophones – such as ‘hare' and ‘hair' – for the repeat words, or even looser interpretations. Simile – (The use of) an expression comparing one thing with another, always including the words ‘as' or ‘like'. (noun) Sjuzhet – How the events are arranged and related to the narrative sequence. Solecism – The non-standard use of a grammatical construction. 2) A violation of good manners. Solipsism / solipsist / solipsistic – Philosophy – the extreme form of scepticism which denies the possibility of any knowledge other than one’s own existence. onnet – A sonnet, in English poetry, is a poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, that has one of two regular rhyme schemes – although there are a couple of exceptions, and years of experimentation that have loosened this definition. One of these schemes is known as the Petrarchan, after the Italian poet Petrarch; it consists of a group of eight lines, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a group of six lines with different rhymes. The distribution of these rhymes can vary, including cdcede, cdecde, cdedce, or even cdcdcd.Often, at the point where the eight-line section, known as the octave, turns into the six-line section, or sestet, there is a volta, from the Italian for ‘turn' – this is a shift in the poem's tone, subject or logic that gains power from (or demands? ) the matching shift in its structure. The Shakespearean sonnet breaks into three quatrains, followed by a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg – as the name suggests, this is the form Shakespeare used for his sonnets, although he did not invent it. In Shakespeare's usage, the three quatrains tend to make an argument in three stages, which the couplet will sum up or comment on.The main exceptions are the curtal sonnet, a form invented by Gerard Manley Hopkins that roughly maintains the 8:6 ratio over a ten-and-a-half line poem, and the Meredithian sonnet of 16 lines. The fact that these are still referred to as a curtal and a Meredithian sonnet, however, shows that they are not (yet? ) considered sonnets per se. There are also innumerable individual exceptions to the form – a poet may refer to a poem as a sonnet because it meets some of the descriptions above, or even just because s/he says so.This means that calling a poem a sonnet is not necessarily to defi ne it strictly, but to say that it stands in relation to the long tradition of sonnets. Specious – Apparently correct or true, but actually wrong or false. 2 Deceptively attractive in appearance. Spelunker – A person whose hobby is the exploration of caves. Spurious – Not genuine or real. 2 Having the appearance of another part but differing from it in origin (of plants). Stanza – A stanza is a group of lines within a poem; the blank line between stanzas is known as a stanza break.Like lines, there is no set length to a stanza or an insistence that all stanzas within a poem need be the same length. However, there are names for stanzas of certain lengths: two-line stanzas are couplets; three-lines, tercets; four-lines, quatrains. (Rarer terms, like sixains and quatorzains, are very rarely used. ) Whether regular or not, the visual effect and, sometimes, the aural effect is one of uniting the sense of the stanza into one group, so poets can either let their sentences fit neatly within these groups, or create flow and tension by enjambing across the stanza breaks.Stentorian – (of the voice) uncommonly loud. Stress – Stress is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others; the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythm. The process of working out which syllables in a poem are stressed is known as scansion; once a metrical poem has been scanned, it should be possible to see the metre. By way of example, the word â€Å"produce† can be pronounced with the stress on either syllable – a farmer may proDUCE carrots, which a greengrocer will sell as PRODuce.Similarly, the differently placed stress is what separates the English and American pronunciations of â€Å"defence†. Longer words may have more than one stress – â€Å"photography†, for example, is stressed on both ‘-tog-‘ and ‘-phy'. In some places, including the Oxford English Di ctionary, a difference is drawn between